Table 3 Biomarkers of functional performance

Gait speed

 ≤ 0.8 m/s

Timed Get Up‐and‐Go (TGUG) test

Time needed to rise from a seated position and walk for 3 m away and return back seated [67]

 ≥ 20 s [67]

Short physical performance battery

‐ Time of 4 m walking

‐ Side by side feet stand for 10 s

‐ Semi tandem stand for 10 s

- Tandem stand for 10 s

‐ Chair stand as above

‐ Each component scored on a scale of 0–4 with 0 = test failure and 4 = full achievement [68]

8 points [68]

Stair Climb Power Test (SCPT)

Timed climb of a flight of stairs (4‐11 stairs)

Power in watts = [(body weight in kg) × (9.8 m/s²) × (stair height in meters)]/(time in seconds) [69]

No cut-off value

(varied with age)