Table 4 Contraindications to exercises in elderly
Absolute contraindications | Relative contraindications |
|---|---|
▪ Acute cardiac events such as cardiac ischemia or recent myocardial infarction ▪ Unstable angina ▪ Uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmias ▪ Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis ▪ Uncontrolled heart failure ▪ Acute pulmonary embolism ▪ Acute pulmonary infarction ▪ Acute myocarditis or pericarditis ▪ Suspected dissecting aneurysm ▪ Acute systemic infection | ▪ Coronary stenosis ▪ Moderate stenotic valvular heart diseases ▪ Severe arterial hypertension at rest (i.e., systolic blood pressure of > 200 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure of > 110 mmHg) ▪ Tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrhythmia ▪ Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ▪ High-degree atrioventricular block ▪ Ventricular aneurysm ▪ Uncontrolled metabolic disease (e.g., diabetes, thyrotoxicosis, or myxedema) ▪ Chronic infectious diseases (e.g., mononucleosis, hepatitis, AIDS) ▪ Neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disorders that are exacerbated by exercise ▪ Mental or physical impairment leading to inability to exercise adequately |