Table 1 Comparison between the three studied groups according to different parameters

Age (years)

 Mean ± SD

68.1 ± 6.1

65.3 ± 8.6

65.9 ± 7.6

F = 2.209

0.113

 Median (Min.–Max.)

68 (50–81)

62.5 (55–85)

66 (50–82)

BMD-F (g/cm²)

 Mean ± SD

0.1 ± 0.6

− 1.9 ± 0.4

− 3.6 ± 0.8

H = 148.125^*

< 0.001^*

 Median (Min.–Max.)

0.4 (− 1–0.7)

− 2^a (− 2.4 to − 1.1)

− 3.4^ab (− 6.3 to − 2.5)

BMD-S (g/cm²)

 Mean ± SD

0.4 ± 0.6

− 1.9 ± 0.4

− 3.6 ± 0.8

H = 147.889^*

< 0.001^*

 Median (Min.–Max.)

0.5 (− 1–0.9)

− 2^a (− 2.4 to − 1.1)

− 3.5^ab (− 6.2 to − 2.4)

Estrogen (pg/ml)

 Mean ± SD

37.2 ± 5.6

35.1 ± 6.2

39.9^b ± 10.5

F = 5.024^*

0.008^*

 Median (Min.–Max.)

37 (25–55)

33 (23–50)

37.5 (21–71)

Progesterone (nmol/L)

 Mean ± SD

0.20 ± 0.09

0.12^a ± 0.03

0.14^a ± 0.05

F = 20.663^*

< 0.001^*

 Median (Min.–Max.)

0.18 (0.10–0.40)

0.11 (0.10–0.25)

0.13 (0.10–0.30)

PINP (pg/ml)

 Mean ± SD

49.5 ± 10.2

40.2^a ± 6.5

35^ab ± 7.6

F = 46.286^*

< 0.001^*

 Median (Min.–Max.)

49.5 (33.7–80.2)

40.2 (24.6–56.1)

34.8 (17.5–56.1)

B-ALP (ng/ml)

 Mean ± SD

33.7 ± 7

52.1^a ± 9.8

56.3^a ± 14.6

F = 70.619^*

< 0.001^*

 Median (Min.–Max.)

33.4 (22.1–50.1)

50.8 (33.2–70.8)

55.6 (30.8–83.5)

ECOS 16

 Mean ± SD

–

–

56.9 ± 15.3

–

–

 Median (Min.–Max.)

–

–

58 (20–75)