Heel pain in female patients with early knee osteoarthritis

Egyptian Rheumatology and Rehabilitation

Table 2 Differences between the two groups as regards their clinical characteristics, radiographic findings, and functional ability

	Heel pain				Test of significant	p
	Group 1 (N = 66)		Group 2 (N = 34)
	N	%	N	%
Q angle of the index knee
Mean ± SD	15.54 ± 1.52		15.16 ± 1.72		t = 1.109	0.270
Bursitis
No	56	84.8	23	67.6	X² = 4.002*	0.045*
Yes	10	15.2	11	32.4	X² = 4.002*	0.045*
Tendinitis
No	66	100.0	28	82.4	X² = 12.390*	^FEp = 0.001**
Yes	0	0.0	6	17.6	X² = 12.390*	^FEp = 0.001**
Foot alignment
Normal	51	77.3	15	44.1	X² = 15.986***	^MCp = 0.001**
Varus	5	7.6	1	2.9
Valgus	10	15.2	18	52.9
Heel height
Flat	22	33.3	28	82.4	X² = 21.569***	< 0.001***
2–3 cm	44	66.7	6	17.6	X² = 21.569***	< 0.001***
X-ray of the lateral heel
Normal	21	31.8	8	23.5	X² = 9.721*	^MCp = 0.039*
Plantar calcaneal spur	13	19.7	2	5.9
Haglund deformity	2	3.0	4	11.8
Insertion calcaneal spur	7	10.6	1	2.9
Both planter and insertional calcaneal spur	23	34.8	19	55.9
HAQ score
Mean ± SD	0.32 ± 0.10		0.41 ± 0.12		U = 677.500*	0.001**
Total WOMAC score
Mean ± SD	24.55 ± 8.90		34.82 ± 12.51		U = 50.000*	<0.001***

t, p: t and p values for the Student t test for comparing between the two categories. χ², p: χ² and p values for the chi-square test for comparing between the two categories. ^MCp: p value for Monte Carlo for the chi-square test for comparing between the two categories. U, p: U and p values for the Mann-Whitney test for comparing between the two categories
Q angle quadriceps angle, HAQ health assessment questionnaire, WOMAC Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis
*Statistical significance at p ≤ 0.05, **high statistical significance at p ≤ 0.01, ***very high statistical significance at p ≤ 0.001